Extremas - These show the geometric extents of the selected objects.
Centroid - "Informally, it is the point at which a cutout of the shape could be perfectly balanced on the tip of a pin"
If you have two identical shapes such as a domino block but one has a hole near to an end, their extremas will be identical, but the shape with the hole will have it's centroid offset to the end without a hole as it's centre of gravity will have moved.